2/12/2024 0 Comments Auditory overload anxiety![]() ![]() Vibrations of the tympanic membrane are transferred through the ossicles in the middle ear (tympanic cavity) to the oval window. The mammalian auditory system begins with bilaterally situated external ears or pinnae, that serve to collect and funnel sound pressure waves through the external auditory meatus towards the tympanic membrane. Herein, we review auditory and vestibular dysfunction in ASD and propose the incorporation of these modalities into screening for ASD. Further, large scale studies suggest that most if not all individuals with ASD have some degree of auditory dysfunction ( Greenspan and Wieder, 1997) and several studies indicate brainstem and cerebellar pathological changes in ASD ( Ornitz, 1969 Bauman and Kemper, 1985 Courchesne et al., 1987, 1988, 1994a, b Ogawa, 1989 Scott et al., 2009). While difficulties with hearing and balance are not diagnostic signs or symptoms, children or adults with a diagnosis of ASD may have difficulty hearing or attending to speech or vocalizations despite being able to hear other environmental sounds and they may have abnormal responses to sounds. ASD affects approximately one in 54 children and is four times more common in males. Based on these results we developed a brainstem model of central auditory and vestibular dysfunction in ASD and propose that simple, non-invasive but quantitative testing of hearing and vestibular function be added to newborn screening protocols.Īutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability associated with impairment in social, communicative, and behavioral domains ( CDC.gov, 2021). Herein we review the literature on auditory and vestibular dysfunction in ASD. Further, auditory and vestibular dysfunction in children may be overlooked or attributed to other neurodevelopmental disorders. Together, these studies suggest that normal auditory and vestibular function play major roles in the development of language and social abilities, and dysfunction in these systems may contribute to the core symptoms of ASD. ![]() Further, the cerebellum was one of the first brain structures implicated in ASD and studies have revealed loss of Purkinje cells and the presence of ectopic neurons. These findings are consistent with auditory dysfunction. Histopathological studies have revealed that subjects with ASD have significantly fewer neurons in the auditory hindbrain and surviving neurons are smaller and dysmorphic. Untreated vestibular dysfunction in children can lead to delayed milestones such as sitting and walking and poor motor coordination later in life. Vestibular dysfunction in ASD includes postural instability, gait dysfunction, and impaired gaze. The hearing difficulties in ASD range from deafness to hypersensitivity and subjects with ASD have abnormal sound-evoked brainstem reflexes and brainstem auditory evoked potentials. ![]() Dysfunction in these sensory modalities is significant as normal cognitive development depends on an accurate representation of our environment. Beyond these core signs and symptoms, the majority of subjects with ASD have some degree of auditory and vestibular dysfunction. 2Department of Anatomy, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, United StatesĪutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive behaviors, poor social skills, and difficulties with communication.1Department of Otolaryngology, Henry Ford Macomb Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States.Yusra Mansour 1,2 Alyson Burchell 2 Randy J.
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